Dietary Exposure of Infants and Young Children to Aflatoxins and Fumonisins in the East African Region: A Review

Rosemary A. Kayanda^1*, Francis M. Ngure² and Neema Kassim¹

¹Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM- AIST), Arusha, Tanzania.

²Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Garden Ave. Kinzelberg Hall Ithaca, New York, USA.

Corresponding Author E-mail: rosemarykayanda@gmail.com

Proper supplementary nutrition is essential for nurturing and promoting the growth and development of Infants and Young Children (IYC). Poor food quality and safety during this critical period can result in malnutrition. Complementary foods (CF) commonly provided to IYC in East African countries often contain ingredients highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination, particularly aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs). This narrative review sought to explore the contamination of infant diets with AFs and FBs, as well as the exposure of IYC to these toxins. The review covers the types of CF used in infant diets, their susceptibility to AFs and FBs contamination, associated dietary exposure, and detection methods, along with regulatory and mitigation strategies in the East Africa region. Studies revealed widespread contamination of staple crops with  AFs and FBs, highlighting that IYC primarily encounter these toxins through the consumption of cereal-based CF, often supplemented with legumes and oily seeds. Maize and groundnuts emerge as the predominant ingredients in CF. Despite established regulatory limits for these toxins in food intended for the general population, no specific limits exist for IYC, who are particularly vulnerable due to their high consumption of the susceptible crops and relatively small body size. Limited enforcement of existing regulations, unfortunately, allows the problem to persist in these low-resource countries. Focusing on East Africa, this review synthesizes findings from scientific studies to assess the dietary exposure of children to AFs and FBs through CFs. The findings underscore the need for further research on the magnitude and effects of AFs and FBs exposure, coupled with awareness campaigns to promote the demand for clean and safe CF within the East African Community countries.

Complementary foods; Contamination; Exposure; Mycotoxin; Regulatory limits

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